Publisher's Synopsis
Excerpt from Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, Vol. 14: Part I. 1902, With Thirty-Three Plates
America has not only advanced engineering science in bridge design, in railway construction and in canal digging, but has extended engineering science to entirely new fields. A famil iar example is the complex development of the municipal rapid transit systems of the American cities. Another example is the American steel frame sky-scraper, with the difficult asso cisted problems of heating and sanitation. A less well known example, but, nevertheless, one in which the economic results have been of international importance, is the application of engineering science to the design of machine tools - such as the lathes, boring-machines, shapers, planers, etc., used in ma chine shops to give form to the metal parts of a machine. Such tools have not only been made highly versatile and highly auto miatic, but the theory of their design has been enormously elab orated. The introduction of improved tool steel and scien tificallv designed cutting tools, permitting deeper cuts and higher speed, has increased immensely the earning power of all machine tools. Likewise the introduction of standard de signs and dimensions in cutting tools and other parts and the use of graduated indices have converted the machine tool into an instrument of precision - a quantitative and not merely a qualitative instrument. The further development of the de sign so as to produce the maximum product in the minimum time has made the cost of unit output nearly independent of the operative and the rate of his daily wage. These achieve ments are of the kind that has enabled this country to enter successfully into international competition, notwithstanding the much higher cost of labor.
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