Publisher's Synopsis
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1907 edition. Excerpt: ... CHAPTER III ARNOLD OF BRESCIA LOOKED at in the large, the history of the Church in the eleventh century presents two great conspicuous facts: the attempt to define the relation to the secular power in the Investiture struggle, and that effort to purify the clergy and bring their lives into conformity with the apostolic ideal known as the Cluniac Reform. These two movements doubtless had an incalculable influence in arousing popular consciousness to the unapostolic condition of the Church. They also helped to produce in the cities of northern Italy a state of unrest and confusion which still further emphasized the need for reform and made all ecclesiastical questions also political ones. A reformer could hardly attack any ecclesiastical evil without straightway finding himself at the head of a party in his own city arrayed against a faction itself headed by ecclesiastics.' The situation was complicated by the breach between Papacy and Empire and the warfare between the adherents of the two powers. The prevailing evils seem to have been especially flagrant in the Lombard communes, of which Milan was the chief.2 When the Synod of Sutri in 1059 enunciated the principles of reform, the Lombard bishops, who, if they tried to enforce the decrees were sometimes savagely assaulted by their clergy, found support among the people. The alliance was not always, however, between bishops and people. The Investiture struggle often arrayed the commune against the bishop, inasmuch as the burghers were striving after civil rights and political independence, and bishops who, in league with the emperor, tried to 1 Arialdus at Milan, Arnold at Brescia. See below, pp. 32 seq. 'C. Schmidt, Histoire de la sccte des Cathares, p. 19. 31 retain temperal power...
