Publisher's Synopsis
Insecticides are an important tool used for cockroach control, but, to be both effective and safe to inhabitants, these insecticides must be applied properly. There are various forms of insecticides. Most of the synthesized insecticides are by their nature are hazardous on health under the condition in which it is used. Insecticides therefore, range from the extremely hazardous to those unlikely to produce any acute hazard. Most are repellants and or insect growth regulators used in agriculture, public health, horticulture, food storage or other chemical substances used for similar purpose. It is evident that insecticides have been used to boost food production to a considerable extent and to control vectors of disease. However, these advantages that are of great economic benefits sometimes come with disadvantages when subjected to critical environmental and human health considerations. Many insecticides are newly synthesized whose health and environmental implications are unknown. Insecticides have been used in various forms from hydrocarbon oils (tar oils), arsenical compounds, organochlorine, organ phosphorous compounds carbonates, dinitrophenols, organic thiocynates, sulfur, sodium fluoride, pyethroids ,rotenone to nicotine, in solid or liquid preparation. Interestingly, most of these have been withdrawn due to the deleterious effect of the substances. Analysis of these formulations, their by- products and residues had in the past aided objective re-evaluation and re-assessment of these substances on a benefit- risk analysis basis and their subsequent withdrawal from use when found to be dangerous to human health and the environment. The quality and sophistication of these analyses have grown and very minute quantities of these insecticides or their residues can be analyzed these days with a high degree of specify, precision and accuracy. Insecticides - Basic and Other Applications covers integrated pest management, alternative insect control strategies, ecological impact of insecticides as well as pesticides and drugs of forensic interest. It explores about the impact, environmental fate, modes of action, efficacy, and non-target effects of insecticides. This book will be of helpful and not only to students and researchers, but also to the food-producing industry, governments, politicians and consumers as well. Tree injection was also used for treatment of other tree pathogens, insects, and physiological disorders (i.e., interveinal chlorosis) in the EU. Interest in tree injection technologies in the US has also increased, with the introduction of several tree killing insects such as hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) and emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). In addition to new injection technology, formulations are being designed for injecting into trees that improve plant safety and reduce application time. Today, tree injection is an alternative method of chemical application with certain advantages: efficient use of chemicals, reduced potential environmental exposure, and useful when soil and foliar applications are either ineffective or difficult to apply. Concurrently, societal concerns about pesticide presence in our food and environment have resulted in political and economic pressures to reduce chemical pesticide use, or at a minimum, emphasize the development and use of products that are less toxic and more environmentally safe. These concerns drive the discovery and development of alternatives to chemical control of plant pathogens, weeds, and insect pests.
