Publisher's Synopsis
Tolkappiyam and Iṟaiyaṉar AkapporuỊ are the early theoretical treatises on the Akam tradition of the Tamils. The third part of Tolkappiyam, namely poruỊatikaram, focuses primarily on the Akam and Puṟam aspects of life, besides dealing with the systems of prosody, poetical devices, usage of words, forms of literary compositions, bodily manifestations, and methods of composition. Tolkappiyar's classification of the contents of poetry into Akam (interior) and Puṟam (exterior) and the creation of the system of tiṇai are unique in the realm of poetic creation. Tolkappiyar gives the principles of poetics involving the composition of love poems and also Puṟam poems based on the literary works available before and during his period. The "tiṇai" system covers both the Akam and Puṟam divisions, but it is more consistent with Akam poetry where there is a perfect unity among the three elements of tiṇai - mutal (time and place) karu (matrix, environment), and uri (theme/situation) representing theme-tiṇai correlation. But in the case of Puṟam poems, out of the three elements of tiṇai, only the theme is presented without the other elements, namely mutal and karu. The classification of tiṇai into mutal, karu, and uripporuỊ, the main and supplementary characters, their functions and characteristics, the situations of their discourses in the premarital (kaỊavu) and marital (kaṟpu) life, the literary techniques such as uỊỊuṟai, iṟaicci, and meippaṭu, i.e. implications, and emotional manifestations etc., provide the poetic universe of the Akam tradition.Likewise, Iṟaiyaṉar AkapporuỊ speaks about only the Akam conventions. It deals with the poetic love - the love between a man and a woman as it grows from their first meeting to its culmination in their married life leaving out details concerning tiṇai and other formal aspects of Akam poetry. It focuses mainly on the secret love (KaỊavu) phase and the married love (Kaṟpu) phase of the lovers and the major situations and the discourses of the characters in respective contexts. The last five nuṟpas (verses) deal with the rhetorical features of Akam poetry. Tolkappiyam, while classifying the Akam tradition into kaỊavu and kaṟpu, defines kaṟpu as married life (Tol. 1086). It states that the kaṟpu phase begins with marriage in the first nuṟpa of kaṟpu Iyal. But Iṟaiyaṉar KaỊaviyal does not make such a clear distinction between these two phases. The theme of marriage appears in both kaỊavu and kaṟpu phases. Thus these two texts Iṟaiyaṉar AkapporuỊ and Tolkappiyam - form the basis for the Tamil Akam tradition. Tolkappiyam, by giving the principles of love poetics, enabled the Caïkam poets to write love poems and to inaugurate the tradition of love poetry. The Akam poetics is the langue and the Caïkam love poetry is its parole.
