Publisher's Synopsis
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1892 edition. Excerpt: ... general drainage is one that should receive immediate attention, for orchards and vineyards are too valuable to be exposed to a gradual deterioration from neglect of leaky or leachy ditches. A good example of wise precaution in this regard has been given, for instance, by the seven-foot ditch that has been drawn around the property of the Fresno Vineyard Company; that vineyard will have no need to fear alkali or swamping. Clay Hardpan.--In soils consisting of coarse sand mixed with clay and afflicted with black alkali, we not uncommonly find another kind of hardpan, that, unlike the limy variety, is so tough that it can hardly be handled even with giant powder. When dug up or plowed into it comes up in large "chunks" which dry to a stony hardness, usually becoming covered with a saline crust. It is therefore not uncommon to hear this hardpan designated as "alkali," outright. But it is simply clay washed out of the overlying soil, that under the influence of the "black" alkali, or carbonate of soda" has run together into an impervious cake and remains utterly intractable so long as the carbonate of soda remains as such. The efficacy of gypsum manifests itself very prettily when some of these hard chunks are covered with it and wetted; in a short time they begin to crumble and finally resolve themselves into a pile of crumbs. This suggests a very obvious mode of dealing with such hardpan, in giving the spots an extra dose of gypsum and plenty of water, which, as it soaks down, carries the gypsum with it, and slowly but surely breaks up the impervious layer, permitting both tillage.and drainage. Loss of Plant-Food by Irrigation.--Since nitrates are not retained in a soil percolated by water, the use of drainage or leaching-out of the...
